The Yinqueshan calendar table for the first year of Yuanguang

银雀山汉简《元光元年历谱》 134 BCE · Western Han

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Overview

An early and fairly complete Han practical day-table, giving physical evidence of calendrical practice before the Taichu reform.

Key data

ItemDetail
Excavated1972, Yinqueshan tomb 2, Linyi, Shandong
DateFirst year of Yuanguang, Emperor Wu (134 BCE)
FormDay-table, days in sexagenary order
NotationsJianchu, fu-la, the eight nodes
SignificanceA day-table from before the Taichu reform

Why it matters

The Taichu calendar began in the first year of Taichu (104 BCE); before that Han followed Qin and used the Zhuanxu calendar.

This table is for 134 BCE, a practical day-table from before the reform, and so direct evidence of the closing years of the Zhuanxu calendar.

Day-tables from before and after a reform are the hardest evidence for checking a calendar’s history, and this is one end of that pair.

What the table looks like

The days run in sexagenary order with jianchu, fu-la and the eight nodes noted beneath.

Such notations are the bridge between the day-table and the later tongshu almanac, and material for the daily affairs of the time.

“Calendrical tables” (lipu) are another large class of excavated slips: the practical day-tables of their time. The days are set down in the sexagenary cycle with notes on the jianchu cycle, the fu-la festivals and the eight nodes. They are the first-hand material evidence of how the calendar was actually used. The calendars preserved in transmitted texts are mostly the court’s methods and numbers; the tables show what those looked like in daily practice.

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Compiled and arranged by Chujia Kuang.